:: Igo Hatsuyôron 120 (2015)

About Ko in a Semeai Between

Two One-Eyed Groups (2012)

[ Shared Ko-Shape in the Centre ]

EX = 2:
Black's group has eight effective liberties, White's group has two false eyes. Instead of Black's larger eye, explained above, we have the second, and shared, ko-shape in the centre (). In principle, the results will be the same, as far as questions of the ko are concerned.

:
White best policy is filling in her false eyes. But Black occupies the -points.

:
We stop the sequence here. The number of Black's ko-threats needed to win is t = ( + ) - 1 = 3 only. The -points cannot be counted for White any more.

EX = 2 / -f:
We exchange a false White eye against an outside -liberty.

:
White best policy is capturing the ko "early".

:
White fills in her false eye as a ko-threat.

The number of Black's ko-threats needed to win - from here on - is t = ( + ) - 1 = 3. In total, Black needed four ko-threats to win. The original -point counts for White again.

EX = 2 / -c -f:
Additionally, we exchange a shared -liberty against a Black -liberty and two White -liberties.

:
White's best policy is filling in her false eye. But Black occupies the -point.

The number of Black's ko-threats needed to win is t = ( + ) - 1 = 4. This is the same as before the exchange.

Please note, that there will be no ko in the problem, due to the number of White's liberties.

EX = 2 / -c -2f:
Additionally filling in White's second false, in exchange against another outside -liberty, does not change the matter.

The number of Black's ko-threats needed to win still is t = ( + ) - 1 = 4.

EX = 2 / -2f:
Finally, we re-exchange a shared -liberty against a Black -liberty and two White -liberties.

The number of Black's ko-threats needed to win is t = ( + ) - 1 = 3. This is one less than before the exchange.

This again highlights that White must think twice before filling in her second false eye, as well as Black must be careful not to occupy shared liberties too early (i.e. as long as there are still sufficient outside liberties available).

Conclusion:

Both basic shapes that are relevant for the problem - the larger eye for Black and the second ko-shape in the centre - show identical results, as far as the number of (exceeding) ko-threats in concerned, which Black needs to win the ko-fight.

White must not fill in her second eye unforced.

Black should not occupy shared liberties too early.

With the larger eye, Black has an internal ko-threat (the capture of White's two stones), not available with the second ko-shape, so this shape might be preferable for Black. However, we will show later (please refer to 1165) that both basic shapes are equivalent.

Copyright © 2016 Thomas Redecker.

Design by Jan van Rongen, modified by Thomas Redecker.

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